中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例(附英文)
国务院
中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例(附英文)
国务院
（一九八0年十二月五日国务院常务会议通过）
第一章 总 则
第一条 为了加强外汇管理，增加国家外汇收入，节约外汇支出，有利于促进国民经济的发展，并维护国家权益，特制定本条例。
一切外汇的收入和支出，各种外汇票证的发行和流通，以及外汇、贵金属和外汇票证等进出中华人民共和国国境，都应当遵守本条例的规定。
第二条 本条例所称外汇系指：
一、外国货币：包括钞票、铸币等；
二、外币有价证券：包括政府公债、国库券、公司债券、股票、息票等；
三、外币支付凭证：包括票据、银行存款凭证、邮政储蓄凭证等；
四、其他外汇资金。
第三条 中华人民共和国对外汇实行由国家集中管理、统一经营的方针。
中华人民共和国管理外汇的机关为国家外汇管理总局及其分局。
中华人民共和国经营外汇业务的专业银行为中国银行。非经国家外汇管理总局批准，其他任何金融机构都不得经营外汇业务。
第四条 在中华人民共和国境内，除法律、法令和本条例另有规定者外，一切中外机构或者个人的外汇收入，都必须卖给中国银行，所需外汇由中国银行按照国家批准的计划或者有关规定卖给。
在中华人民共和国境内，禁止外币流通、使用、质押，禁止私自买卖外汇，禁止以任何形式进行套汇、逃汇。
第二章 对国家单位和集体经济组织的外汇管理
第五条 中国境内的机关、部队、团体、学校，国营企业、事业单位，城乡集体经济组织（以下统称境内机构）的外汇收入和支出，都实行计划管理。
国家允许境内机构按照规定持有留成外汇。
第六条 境内机构除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准，不得私自保存外汇，不得将外汇存放境外，不得以外汇收入抵作外汇支出，不得借用、调用国家驻外机构以及设在外国和港澳等地区的企业、事业单位的外汇。
第七条 境内机构非经国务院批准，不得在国内外发行具有外汇价值的有价证券。
第八条 境内机构接受外国或者港澳等地区的银行、企业的贷款，必须分别由国务院主管部门或者省、市、自治区人民政府汇总，编制年度贷款计划，经国家外汇管理总局和外国投资管理委员会核报国务院批准。
贷款审批办法，另行规定。
第九条 境内机构的留成外汇，非贸易和补偿贸易项下先收后付的备付外汇，贷入的自由外汇，以及经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准持有的其他外汇，都必须在中国银行开立外汇存款帐户或者外汇额度帐户，按照规定的范围使用，并受中国银行监督。
第十条 境内机构进出口贷物，经办银行应当凭海关查验后的进出口许可证，或者凭进出口货物报关单，检查其外汇收支。
第十一条 国家驻外机构必须按照国家批准的计划使用外汇。
设在外国和港澳等地区的企业、事业单位从事经营所得的利润，除按照国家批准的计划可以留存当地营运者外，都必须按期调回，卖给中国银行。
一切驻外机构不得自行为境内机构保存外汇。
第十二条 临时派往外国和港澳等地区的代表团、工作组，必须分别按照各该专项计划使用外汇。公毕回国，必须将剩余的外汇及时调回，经核销后卖给中国银行。
前款代表团、工作组及其成员，从事各项业务活动所得外汇，必须及时调回；除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准，不得存放境外。
第三章 对个人的外汇管理
第十三条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人，由外国和港澳等地区汇入的外汇，除国家允许留存的部分外，必须卖给中国银行。
第十四条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人，存放在中国境内的外汇，允许个人持有。
前款外汇，不得私自携带、托带或者邮寄出境；如需出售，必须卖给中国银行，同时允许按照国家规定的比例留存部分外汇。
第十五条 居住在中国境内的中国人在中华人民共和国成立前、华侨在回国定居前、港澳同胞在回乡定居前，存放在外国或者港澳等地区的外汇，调回境内的，允许按照国家规定的比例留存部分外汇。
第十六条 派赴外国或者港澳等地区的工作人员、学习人员公毕返回，如汇入或者携入属于个人所有的外汇，允许全部留存。
第十七条 本条例第十三、十四、十五条规定的允许个人留存的外汇，其留存比例，另行规定。
本条例第十三、十四、十五、十六条规定的允许个人留存的外汇，必须存入中国银行。此项外汇存款，可以卖给中国银行，可以通过中国银行汇出境外，也可以凭中国银行证明携出境外；但是，不得将存款凭证私自携带、托带或者邮寄出境。
第十八条 来中国的外国人，短期回国的华侨、回乡的港澳同胞，应聘在中国境内机构工作的外籍专家、技术人员、职工，以及外籍留学生、实习生等，由外国或者港澳等地区汇入或者携入的外汇，可以自行保存，可以卖给或者存入中国银行，也可以汇出或者携出境外。
第十九条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人，如需购买外汇汇出或者携出境外，可以向当地外汇管理分局申请，经批准后，由中国银行卖给。
应聘在中国境内机构工作的外籍专家、技术人员和职工，汇出或者携出外汇，由中国银行按照合同、协议的规定办理。
第四章 对外国驻华机构及其人员的外汇管理
第二十条 各国驻华外交代表机构、领事机构、商务机构，驻华的国际组织机构和民间机构，外交官，领事官以及各该机构所属常驻人员，由外国或者港澳等地区汇入或者携入的外汇，可以自行保存，可以卖给或者存入中国银行，也可以汇出或者携出境外。
第二十一条 各国驻华外交代表机构、领事机构，收取中国公民以人民币交付的签证费、认证费，如要求兑成外汇，必须经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准。
第五章 对侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业及其人员的外汇管理
第二十二条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的一切外汇收入，都必须存入中国银行；一切外汇支出，从其外汇存款帐户中支付。
前款企业必须定期向国家外汇管理总局或者分局填送外汇业务报表，国家外汇管理总局或者分局有权检查其外汇收支的活动情况。
第二十三条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业与中华人民共和国境内的企业或者个人之间的结算，除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局核准者外，都应当使用人民币。
第二十四条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的外国合营者依法纳税后的纯利润和其他正当收益，可以向中国银行申请从企业的外汇存款帐户中汇出。
前款企业、外国合营者，如将外汇资本转移到中国境外，应当向国家外汇管理总局或者分局申请，从企业的外汇存款帐户中汇出。
第二十五条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业中的外籍职工和港澳职工依法纳税后，汇出或者携出外汇，以不超过其本人工资等正当净收益的百分之五十为限。
第二十六条 依法停止营业的侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业，在中国境内的未了债务、税务事项，应当在有关主管部门和国家外汇管理总局或者分局的共同监督下，负责按期清理。
第六章 对外汇、贵金属和外汇票证等进出国境的管理
第二十七条 携带外汇、贵金属、贵金属制品进入中国国境，数量不受限制；但是，必须向入境地海关申报。
携带或者复带外汇出境，海关凭中国银行证明或者凭原入境时的申报单放行。
携带或者复带贵金属、贵金属制品出境，海关区别情况按照国家规定或者按照原入境时的申报单放行。
第二十八条 携带人民币旅行支票、旅行信用证等人民币外汇票证，入境时，海关凭申报单放行；出境时，海关凭中国银行证明或者凭原入境时的申报单放行。
第二十九条 居住在中国境内的中国人，持有境外的债券、股票、房地契，以及同处理境外债权、遗产、房地产和其他外汇资产有关的各种证书、契约，非经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准，不得携带、托带或者邮寄出境。
第三十条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人所持有的人民币支票、汇票、存折、存单等人民币有价凭证，不得携带、托带或者邮寄出境。
第七章 附 则
第三十一条 对违反本条例规定者，任何单位、个人都有权检举揭发。对检举揭发有功的单位、个人，给予奖励。对违法案件，由国家外汇管理总局、分局，或者由公安部门、工商行政管理部门、海关，按其情节轻重，强制实行收兑外汇，单处或者并处罚款、没收财物，或者由司法机
关依法惩处。
第三十二条 经济特区、边境贸易和边民往来的外汇管理办法，由有关省、市、自治区人民政府根据本条例规定结合当地具体情况制订，报国务院批准后施行。
第三十三条 本条例的施行细则，由国家外汇管理总局制定。
第三十四条 本条例自一九八一年三月一日起施行。(附英文)
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM REGULATIONS ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Promulgated by the State Council on December 18, 1980)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated for the purpose of strengthening foreign
exchange control, increasing national foreign exchange income and
economizing on foreign exchange expenditure so as to facilitate the
development of national economy and safeguard the rights and interests of
the country.
All foreign exchange income and expenditure, the issuance and circulation
of all kinds of payment instruments in foreign currency, and the carrying
of foreign exchange, precious metals and payment instruments in foreign
currency into and out of the territory of the People's Republic of China
shall be governed by these Regulations.
Article 2
Foreign exchange mentioned in these Regulations refers to:
a. foreign currencies, including banknotes, coins, etc.
b. securities in foreign currency, including government bonds, treasury
bills, corporate bonds and debentures, stocks, and interest coupons, etc.
c. instruments payable in foreign currency, including bills, drafts,
cheques, bank deposit certificates, postal savings certificates, etc.
d. other foreign exchange funds.
Article 3
The People's Republic of China pursues the policy of centralized control
and unified management of foreign exchange by the State.
The administrative agency of the People's Republic of China in charge of
foreign exchange control is the State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Control (SAFEC) and its branch offices.
The specialized bank of the People's Republic of China engaged in foreign
exchange business is the Bank of China. No other financial institution
shall engage in foreign exchange business, unless approved by the SAFEC.
Article 4
All Chinese and foreign organizations or individuals within the territory
of the People's Republic of China must, unless otherwise stipulated by
law, decrees and these Regulations, sell their foreign exchange to the
Bank of China. Any foreign exchange they required is to be sold to them by
the Bank of China in accordance with the plans approved by the State or
with relevant provisions.
The circulation, use and mortgage of foreign currency, the unauthorized
sales and purchases of foreign exchange, and the unlawful procurement of
foreign exchange or evasion of foreign exchange control by whatever means
are prohibited within the territory of the People's Republic of China.
Chapter II Foreign Exchange Control Relating to State Units and Collective Economic Organizations
Article 5
All the foreign exchange incomes and expenditures of State organs, units
of the armed forces, nongovernmental bodies, schools, State enterprises,
institutions and urban and rural collective economic organizations within
China's territory (hereinafter referred to as organizations within
territory) are all subject to planned control. Organizations within
territory are permitted to hold their retained foreign exchange in
accordance with the relevant provisions.
Article 6
Unless approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices, organizations within
territory shall not possess foreign exchange; deposit foreign exchange
abroad; offset foreign exchange expenditure against foreign exchange
income; or use the foreign exchange belonging to State organs stationed
abroad or enterprises and institutions established in foreign countries or
in the Hong Kong and Macao regions by the State, by way of borrowing or
acquisition.
Article 7
Unless approved by the State Council, organizations within territory shall
not issue securities with foreign exchange value inside or outside China.
Article 8
With regard to loans to be accepted by organizations within territory from
banks or enterprises in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and Macao
regions, the relevant competent departments under the State Council or the
relevant people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall consolidate and
draw up overall annual plans for such loans which must be submitted to the
SAFEC and the Foreign Investment Control Commission for examination and
transmission to the State Council for approval.
The measures for examining and approving such loans shall be prescribed
separately.
Article 9
Any foreign exchange held by organizations within territory, including
their retained foreign exchange, non-trade foreign exchange and foreign
exchange under compensatory trade received in advance and reserved for
later payments, funds borrowed in convertible foreign currencies and other
foreign exchange held with the approval of the SAFEC or its branch offices
must be placed in foreign currency deposit accounts or foreign currency
quota accounts to be opened with the Bank of China, and must be used
within the prescribed scope and be subject to the supervision of the Bank
of China.
Article 10
When organizations within territory import or export goods, the banks
handling the transactions shall check their foreign exchange receipts and
payments either against the import or export licenses duly verified by the
Customs or against the Customs declaration forms for imports or exports.
Article 11
State organs stationed abroad must use foreign exchange according to the
plan approved by the State.
The profits derived from their business operations by enterprises and
institutions established in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and
Macao regions, except for the portion kept there as working funds
according to the plan approved by the State, must be transferred back on
schedule and be sold to the Bank of China.
No organization stationed abroad is permitted to keep foreign exchange for
organizations within territory without authorization.
Article 12
Delegations and working groups sent temporarily to foreign countries or to
the Hong Kong and Macao regions must use foreign exchange according to
their respective specific plans, and must, upon completion of their
missions and return, promptly transfer back to China their surplus foreign
exchange to be checked by and sold to the Bank of China. Foreign exchange
earned in their various business activities by the delegations and working
groups mentioned in the preceding paragraph and by members thereof, must
be promptly transferred back to China and must not be kept abroad without
the approval of the SAFEC or its branch offices.
Chapter III Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Individuals
Article 13
Foreign exchange remitted from foreign countries or from the Hong Kong and
Macao regions to Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing
in China must be sold to the Bank of China, except the portion retained as
permitted by the State.
Article 14
Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing in China shall
be permitted to keep in their own possession foreign exchange already in
China.
The foreign exchange mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall not,
without authorization, be carried or sent out of China either by owners or
by others or by post. If the owners need to sell the foreign exchange,
they must sell it to the Bank of China and are permitted to retain a
portion of the foreign exchange according to the percentage prescribed by
the State.
Article 15
When the foreign exchange that has been kept in foreign countries or in
the Hong Kong and Macao regions by Chinese residing in China prior to the
founding of the People's Republic of China, by overseas Chinese prior to
their returning to and settling down in China, or by Hong Kong and Macao
compatriots prior to their returning to and settling down in their native
places, is transferred to China, the owners shall be permitted to retain a
portion of the foreign exchange according to the percentage prescribed by
the State.
Article 16
When the foreign exchange belonging personally to individuals sent to work
or study in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and Macao regions is
remitted or brought back to China, the owners, upon the completion of
their missions and return, shall be permitted to retain the entire amount
of the foreign exchange.
Article 17
The percentages of foreign exchange retention permitted under Articles 13,
14, and 15 of these Regulations shall be prescribed separately.
Foreign exchange retained by individuals as permitted under Articles 13,
14, 15, and 16 of these Regulations must be deposited with the Bank of
China. These foreign exchange deposits may be sold to the Bank of China or
remitted out of China through the Bank of China, or taken out of China
against certification by the Bank of China. It is however not permitted,
without authorization, to carry or send deposit certificates out of China
either by holders or by others or by post.
Article 18
The foreign exchange remitted or brought into China from foreign countries
or from the Hong Kong and Macao regions by foreign nationals coming to
China, by overseas Chinese and Hong Kong and Macao compatriots returning
for a short stay, by foreign experts, technicians, staff members and
workers engaged to work in organizations within China, and by foreign
students and trainees, may be kept in their own possession, or sold to or
deposited with the Bank of China, or remitted or taken out of China.
Article 19
Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing in China may
apply to the local branch offices of the SAFEC for the purchase of foreign
exchange to be remitted or taken out of China. Upon approval of such
applications, the required foreign exchange shall be sold to the
applicants by the Bank of China.
When foreign experts, technicians, staff members and workers engaged to
work in organizations within territory are to remit or take out of China
their foreign exchange, the Bank of China shall handle the matter in
accordance with the stipulations as provided in the relevant contracts or
agreements.
Chapter IV Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Foreign Resident Representative Offices in China and Their Personnel
Article 20
Foreign exchange remitted or brought into China from foreign countries or
from the Hong Kong and Macao regions by foreign diplomatic missions,
consular posts, commercial offices, offices of international organizations
and nongovernmental bodies resident office in China, foreign diplomatic
and consular officers as well as other resident staff members of the
aforesaid missions, posts and offices, may be kept in their own
possession, or sold to or deposited with the Bank of China, or remitted or
taken out of China.
Article 21
The conversion into foreign currency, if required, of visa and
certification fees received in Renminbi from Chinese citizens by foreign
diplomatic missions and consular posts in China, is subject to approval by
the SAFEC or its branch offices.
Chapter V Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Enterprises with Overseas Chinese Capital, Foreign-Capital Enterprises, and Chinese- Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and Their Personnel
Article 22
All foreign exchange receipts of enterprises with overseas Chinese
capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures must be deposited with the Bank of China, and all their foreign
exchange disbursements must be effected from their foreign exchange
deposit accounts.
The enterprises mentioned in the preceding paragraph must periodically
submit their statements of foreign exchange business to the SAFEC or its
branch offices, all of which are empowered to check on the movements of
the foreign exchange receipts and payments of these enterprises.
Article 23
Except where otherwise approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices,
Renminbi shall in all cases be used in the settlement of accounts between
enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises,
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures on the one hand and other
enterprises or individuals residing in the People's Republic of China on
the other hand.
Article 24
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
foreign joint venturers in Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures may apply
to the Bank of China for remitting abroad their net profits as well as
other legitimate earnings after taxation according to law, by debiting the
foreign exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises concerned.
Where the enterprises and foreign joint ventures mentioned in the
preceding paragraph are to transfer foreign exchange capital abroad, they
shall apply to the SAFEC or its branch offices for the transfer by
debiting the foreign exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises
concerned.
Article 25
An amount not exceeding 50% of their after-tax legitimate net earnings
from wages, etc. may be remitted or taken out of China in foreign
currency by staff members and workers of foreign nationality and those
from the Hong Kong and Macao regions employed by enterprises with overseas
Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures.
Article 26
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures which wind up operations in
accordance with legal procedure, shall be responsible for the liquidation,
within the scheduled period, of their outstanding liabilities and taxes
due in China under the joint supervision of the relevant competent
departments and the SAFEC or its branch offices.
Chapter VI Control Relating to Carrying Foreign Exchange, Precious Metals and Payment Instruments in Foreign Currency into and out of China
Article 27
No restriction as to the amount is imposed on the carrying into China of
foreign exchange, precious metals and objects made from them, but
declaration to the Customs is required at the place of entry.
To carry out of China foreign exchange or the foreign exchange previously
brought in shall be permitted by the Customs against certification by the
Bank of China or against the original declaration form filled out at the
time of entry.
To carry out of China precious metals and objects made from them or the
precious metals and objects made from them previously brought in shall be
permitted by the Customs according to the specific circumstances as
prescribed by State regulations or against the original declaration form
filled out at the time of entry.
Article 28
To bring into China Renminbi traveller's cheques, traveller's letters of
credit and other Renminbi payment instruments convertible into foreign
currency shall be permitted by the Customs against the declaration form
filled out at the Customs; and to take the same out of China shall be
permitted by the Customs against certification by the Bank of China or
against the original declaration form filled out at the time of entry.
Article 29
Unless otherwise approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices, it is not
permitted to carry or send out of China by holders or by others or by post
such certificates and deeds held by Chinese residing in China as bonds,
debentures, share certificates issued abroad; title deeds for real estate
abroad; other documents or deeds involving the disposal of creditor's
right, inheritance, real estate or other foreign exchange assets abroad.
Article 30
The carrying or sending out of China of Renminbi instruments, such as
Renminbi cheques, drafts, passbooks and deposit certificates, held by
Chinese or foreign nationals or stateless persons residing in China, is
not permitted, either by holders or by others or by post.
Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions
Article 31
All units and individuals have the right to report any violation of these
Regulations. Rewards shall be given to such units or individuals
according to the merits of the report. Violators shall be penalized by the
SAFEC, its branch offices or by public security organs, or by
administrative departments of industry and commerce, or by the Customs. In
light of the seriousness of the offence, the penalties may take the form
of compulsory exchange of the foreign currency for Renminbi, or fine or
confiscation of the properties or both, or punishment by judicial organs
according to law.
Article 32
The exchange control measures for special economic zones, for frontier
trade and for personal dealings between inhabitants across the border
shall be formulated, in accordance with these Regulations, by the people's
governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government in the light of actual local
conditions, be submitted to the State Council for approval and be enforced
thereupon.
Article 33
Rules for the implementation of these Regulations shall be formulated by
the SAFEC.
Article 34
These Regulations shall enter into effect on March 1, 1981.
1980年12月18日
关于我国环保法中年检测的几点意见
韩建军 郑传音
（200020 上海社会科学院法学所）
摘 要：我国现行环保法中的年检测制度由环境检查制度与环境监测制度构成。该制度与我国环境保护的现状存在某些不适应之处，已经成为我国环境检测制度的显然弊病。我国应采取适宜的对策加以应对，以便加强后我国的环境检测，促进经济社会的科学发展。
关键词：我国；环保法；年检测
改革开放以来，伴随着我国工业化与城镇化进程的日益加快，环境问题逐渐成为我国经济社会发展过程中所面临的最重大课题之一。在这种情况下，党和政府先后提出了“可持续发展观”与“科学发展观”，对我国经济社会发展与环境保护之间关系的协调进行了适时地引导。然而，另一方面，由于法律制度方面的障碍，无论是“可持续发展观”还是“科学发展观”，都没有在实践中得到很好的贯彻和实施，我国当前的环境问题依旧极为突出和严峻。在这种情况下，探讨我国环境保护方面的制度障碍，寻求排除这些障碍的应对策略，对于我国经济社会的健康长远发展而言，无疑将具有重要的现实意义。我们以为，我国环保法所确立的年检测制度便是当前影响我们贯彻和实施“可持续发展观”与“科学发展观”的重要制度障碍之一。基于此，我们拟就我国环保法中的年检测制度浅加论析，以求为我国环保法的完善及经济社会的科学发展略尽微力！
一、我国环保法中的现行年检测制度及其弊病分析
我国现行《环境保护法》规定：“县级以上人民政府环境保护行政主管部门或其他依照法律规定行使环境监督管理权的部门，有权对管辖范围内的排污单位进行现场检查。被检查的单位应当如实反映情况，提供必要的资料……”[1] “国务院环境保护行政主管部门建立监测制度，制定监测规范，会同有关部门组织监测网络，加强对环境监测的管理。公国务院和水果内、自治区、直辖市人民政府的环境保护行政主管部门，应当定期发布环境状况公报。”[2] 据此，我国现行环保法中的年检测制度是由环境检查制度与环境监测制度组成的。所谓环境检查制度，就是指由环保主管部门及其他的相关职权部门依照法定的职权与程序，并按照相关的环境标准，对污染物排放单位或个人的排污情况进行检查的制度。而所谓环境监测制度则是指特定的环境保护监督管理机关依法定权限和程序，按照环境标准对对影响人类和其他生物生存和发展的环境质量状况进行监视性测定的制度。[3] 目前，我国的年检测是以环境检测为主的，在此基础上，由法定的环保职能部门每年不定期地对本区域内的排污单位和个人的排污状况进行执法检查。我们认为，我国现行的环境年检测制度存在以下几个方面的明显弊病：
（一）年检测的对象不包括个人
《环境保护法》第11条在规定环境检查制度时，仅规定环保主管行政部门有权对管辖范围内的排污单位进行检查，并且也只规定了排污单位对检查进行配合的义务，然而，却没有规定对排污的个人进行检查，也没有为排污个人在配合检查方面设置任何任务。我们认为，这是我国环保法年检测制度的一个重要缺陷。这是因为，随着我国经济的飞速发展，个人也已经成为我国污染物排放的一类重要主体，例如，城市中的各类小地摊的摊主、农村养殖户、机动车的驾驶员等等，这些个人所排放的污染物也正在日益影响着我国的环境。然而，我国现行环境年检测制度却并不适用于这些对象。我们认为，这在客观上纵容甚至刺激了某些排污个人的排污行为，是我国环境年检测制度的一个重大失误。
（二）年检测依据的标准过于落后
我国环保行政主管部门在对排污单位进行检测时必须依据相关部门制定的环境标准来进行，但由于在环境立法指导思想方面的滞后性等多重因素的制约，我国的很多环境标准都无法适应环境检测的需要。例如，在城市区域噪声排放方面，我国迄今还在适用1982年制定的《城市区域环境噪声标准》；而在企业噪声排放方面，我国迄今也还在适用1980年制定的《工业企业噪声卫生标准》……。而这些环境标准由于制定于上个世纪80年代初，仅与我国当时环境问题的状况相适应，因此，现在依据这些标准进行年检测，不仅会导致标准过低，无法使排污主体得到本应有的惩治，且也极易使人们对我国环境执法的力度产生怀疑。这已成我国环境年检测的又一个弊病。
（三）在责任承担上重罚款轻防范
从实践方面来看，我国环保行政主管部门在依据检测结果追究相关责任者的法律责任时，往往都将罚款作为首选，因为这样不仅可以使违法排污者受到惩戒，还可以增加国家的财政收入。[4] 这样一来，很多企业只要一次性缴足罚款，就可以“一劳永逸”，从而导致不少排污大户能够随心所欲。这种在责任承担上的重罚款而轻防范的做法，不仅不利于防治环境污染，且极有可会放纵企业排污，加重环境污染。
（四）执法机构不健全，执法人员素质较低
当前，由于没有国家机构设置法的规定，我国在环保的机构设置上极不健全。目前，“在全省一级的环境保护机构中有近半仍归口建设部门，地市一级则更多。”[5] 而这一点不仅使我国环境年检测缺乏必要的执法机构，并直接影响了我国执法队伍的建设。此外，在我国某些环保机构特别是地方环保机构在进人问题上，由于把关不严，或屈从于各级政府的人事安排（如在本单位安排某些军队专业干部等），使许多不懂业务、文化程度不高的人进入了环境执法队伍。这些人员由于不熟悉环境法律规定且缺乏必要的行政执法素养和能力，在执法过程中，对某些具体案件，或随心所欲，或凭个人利害去处理，或相互推诿，使违法执法、执法不当或怠于执法的现象时有发生。[6] 这一问题的存在也成为影响我国环境年检测公正性和及时性的重要因素。
二、完善我国环境年检测制度的对策建议
针对以上我国环保法中现行的年检测制度的上述弊病，我们提出以下几个方面的相应对策建议：
（一）修改《环境保护法》中关于年检测主体的规定
具体而言，应当修改现行《环境保护法》第14条的规定，将“县级以上人民政府环境保护行政主管部门或其他依照法律规定行使环境监督管理权的部门，有权对管辖范围内的排污单位进行现场检查。被检查的单位应当如实反映情况，提供必要的资料……”的规定修改为“县级以上人民政府环境保护行政主管部门或其他依照法律规定行使环境监督管理权的部门，有权对管辖范围内的排污单位或个人进行现场检查。被检查的单位或个人应当如实反映情况，提供必要的资料……”。这是完善我国环保法中的年检测制度的立法客观需要。
（二）适时更新现行的环境标准
针对不少环境标准已经明显落后于我国环境保护需要的现状，我国应当对现行的各类环境标准进行及时清理，制定新的、适合我国环境保护实际需要的、相对更为严苛的环境标准，并废止那些已经不利于我国环境保护而失去实际意义或意义不大的标准，以便提高国家对污染物排放的要求，使环保行政主管部门能够依据更为严格的标准对排污企业或个人进行年检测。这不仅是适应我国环境保护新形势的需要，也是完善我国环境年检测制度的需要。
（三）在责任的承担上，要更注重某些防范性的惩治措施
具体到环保行政主管部门依据检测结果确定排污主体的责任方面，应当尽可能地多重视并采取那些更易防范环境污染的惩治措施，例如责任停产整治、限期治理等等，对于那些严重违反环保法的规定，造成重大环境事故的单位或个人，应当依法提交司法机关追究其刑事责任，而不能“以罚代刑”，偏袒或放纵相关责任主体。
（四）逐步健全我国的环保机构，提高执法者的素质和能力建设
除以上几个方面的具体对策之外，我们认为，还应当逐步健全我国的环保机构，提高环境执法人员的素质和执法能力。具体来说，应当设立环境执法责任制，以环境执法效率和质量的高低作为对环境管理工作人员进行考核与奖励的标准；同时，应当进一步加强对我国现行环境执法人员的教育与培训，使其具备环境执法所必备的素质要求。应当说，这也是加强我国环境年检测，保护和改善我国环境，以加促我国经济社会科学发展的需要。
注释：
[1]参见《中华人民共和国环境保护法》第14条
[2]参见《中华人民共和国环境保护法》第11条。
[3]参见 肖海军 编著《环境保护法实例说》，湖南人民出版社，1999年版，第73页。
[4]更为重要的是，罚款往往还会与执法者的奖金等相挂钩。
[5]参见 金瑞林 主编：《中国环境法》，法律出版社，1998年版，第34页。
[6]刘长秋、徐宁：《当前我国环境执法的障碍分析》，《安徽法学》，2001年第5期。